Samenvatting

In this meticulously researched study, Konrad Schmid offers a historical clarification of the concept of "theology." He then examines the theologies of the three constituent parts of the Hebrew Bible—the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings— before tracing how these theological concepts developed throughout the history of ancient Israel and early Judaism.

Schmid not only explores the theology of the biblical books in isolation, but he also offers unifying principles and links between the distinct units that make up the Hebrew Bible. By focusing on both the theology of the whole Hebrew Bible as well as its individual pieces, A Historical Theology of the Hebrew Bible provides a comprehensive discussion of theological work within the Hebrew Bible.

A. Introduction
§ 1 Is There a Theology of the Hebrew Bible?
1. The Subject of the Theology of the Hebrew Bible as the Literarily Formed, Historically Complex, and Factually Connected Thought World of the Hebrew Bible
2. The Historical and Socio-Literary Character of the Literature of the Hebrew Bible as Elite Literature

B. The Use of the Concept of Theology in Relation to the Bible
§ 2 The Premodern Conception of Theology: From Mythology to Systematic Doctrine
1. “Theology” in Plato, Aristotle, Josephus, and Philo
2. The Bible and the Early Church
3. Scholasticism and the Emergence of Academic “Theology”

§ 3 The Reformation’s Reconstrual of the Concept of Theology
1. The Existential Reinterpretation of the Concept of Theology in the Reformation
2. “Theology” in Protestant Orthodoxy

§ 4 From Biblical Theology to the Theology of the Old Testament
1. Biblical Theology as a Result of the Emancipation of Exegesis from Systematic Theology
2. The Rise of an Independent Theology of the Old Testament

§ 5 The Romantic Devaluation of the Concept of Theology
1. The Differentiation between Religion and Theology
2. The Emergence of Religious Studies
3. The Virtual Disappearance of the Subdiscipline “Theology of the Old Testament”

§ 6 The Reception of the Concept of Theology in Judaism

§ 7 The Devaluation of the Concept of Religion in Neo-orthodox Theology
1. Neo-orthodox Theology
2. New “Theologies of the Old Testament”

§ 8 Developments since the Mid-twentieth Century
1. Gerhard von Rad’s Old Testament Theology
2. Contemporary Discussions and Ambiguities

§ 9 Implicit Theologies in the Hebrew Bible and the Search for a Theology of the Hebrew Bible
1. The Inadequacy of the Concept of Theology in Relation to the Hebrew Bible and the Impossibility of Avoiding It.
2. Stereometric Theology as Implicit Theology

C. Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
§ 10 The Pluriformity of the Tradition

§ 11 The Tanakh as the Hebrew Bible
1. The Closing of the Hebrew Bible at the Turn of the Era
2. The Formation of the Torah
3. Torah and Nevi’im
4. Ketuvim

§ 12 Reception and Transformation into the Old Testament
1. The “Scriptures” in the New Testament
2. Did the Septuagint Develop a Separate Canon?
3. The Old Testament in the Early Church
4. Present Discussions about Nomenclature

§ 13 The Meaning and Relativity of the Canon for a Theology of the Hebrew Bible

D. Methodological Reflections
§ 14 Comparative Definitions
1. The History of Israelite Religion
2. The Hermeneutics of the Hebrew Bible
3. The Ethics of the Hebrew Bible
4. Biblical Theology
5. Systematic Theology

§ 15 Fundamental Methodological Choices
1. The Respect for the Polyphony of the Hebrew Bible
2. The Renunciation of a Sacred Hermeneutic and the Rejection of an Autonomous “Theological Exegesis”
3. The Renunciation of a Divorce between Orthodoxy and Heresy
4. The Differentiation between Biblical and Historical Israel
5. The Inclusion of Concrete Living Contexts in the Biblical Texts
6. The Appreciation of Processes of Theologization of Earlier Traditions in the Hebrew Bible
7. The Appreciation of Processes of the Reception and Theologization of Given Extrabiblical Traditions
8. Consideration of Later Transformations
9. Description and Normativity
10. Critique of Influences from the History of Scholarship

E. Theologies of Extant Hebrew Bibles and Old Testaments
§ 16 Hebrew Bibles in Judaism and Their Theologies

§ 17 Old Testaments and Their Theologies

F. Theologies of the Three Parts of the Canon and Their Collections
§ 18 Torah
1. The Theology of the Torah as an Overarching Complex
2. The Priestly Document
3. The Non-Priestly Primeval History: Universalization and De-eschatologization
4. The Ancestral Narratives: The Promises
5. The Moses-Exodus Narrative: From the Servitude of Slavery in Egypt to Service of God on Sinai
6. Deuteronomy

§ 19 Nevi’im
1. The Theology of the Nevi’im as an Overarching Complex
2. The So-Called Former Prophets
3. The Theology of the Four Books of the Prophets as an Overarching Complex
4. The Book of Isaiah
5. The Book of Jeremiah
6. The Book of Ezekiel
7. The Book of the Twelve

§ 20 Ketuvim
1. The Theology of the Ketuvim as a Collection
2. Psalms
3. The Wisdom Literature and the Megillot
4. Chronicles—Ezra—Nehemiah

G. The Principal Theological Guidelines in the Literary History of the Hebrew Bible
§ 21 The Hebrew Bible on the Way to Its Theology
1. Literary History and History of Theology
2. Literary Continuation of Texts and New Literary Works in the Hebrew Bible

§ 22 The Destruction of the Northern Kingdom in 722 BCE
1. The Israelization of Judah
2. The Theologization of the Ancestral Narratives
3. The Traditions Surrounding Saul, David, and Solomon

§ 23 The Preservation of Jerusalem in 701 BCE
1. The Psalms of Zion
2. The Command to Provoke Hardening in the Book of Isaiah

§ 24 The Reinterpretation of Assyrian Imperial Ideology
1. Deuteronomy and Reinterpretation in the Covenant Code
2. The Exodus Tradition

§ 25 The Destruction of Judah in 587 BCE
1. Transformation Instead of Destruction
2. Developments in Deuteronomism
3. Universalization and Individualization

§ 26 The Theological Reception of Persian Imperial Ideology
1. Theocracy and Eschatology
2. Experiencing and Processing the Delay of the Parousia

§ 27 The Destruction of the Persian Empire in 333–331 BCE
1. The Experience of the Loss of Political Order and the Rise of Apocalypticism
2. Judaism and Hellenism

§ 28 Confrontations with the Maccabean Crisis (167–164 BCE) and the Question of the End of the Theological History of the Hebrew Bible
1. The Maccabean Book of Daniel
2. Martyr Theology in the Books of Maccabees
3. The End of the Theological History of the Hebrew Bible

H. Themes in the Theology of the Hebrew Bible
§ 29 Literary Genres and Forms of Theological Statements in the Hebrew Bible
1. Narratives
2. Legal Stipulations
3. Prophecy
4. Hymns, Laments, and Songs of Thanksgiving
5. Wisdom Forms
6. Commentaries und Literary Continuations

§ 30 Perceptions and Impressions of God
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. Archaic Memories of God: A God of Mountain and Storm
3. The Name of God
4. The Israelization of Yhwh and the Yahwehization of Israel
5. Solar Interpretations of God
6. Imperial Influences
7. Mono-Yahwistic and Monotheistic Transformations
8. Angels and Mediating Beings

§ 31 From Counterworld to Everyday World: The Basic Precepts of Life
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. God as Creator and the World as Creation (Gen 1)
3. Paradise Lost (Gen 2–3)
4. New Creation (Isa 65–66) and “Nothing New under the Sun” (Qoh 1)

§ 32 Divine Intervention in History
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. The Theology of the Jerusalem Cult
3. God’s Glory and the Glory of Assyria
4. The Deuteronomistic Theology of History
5. Prophetic Interpretations of History
6. Sapiental Interpretations of History
7. The Removal of the Conditionality of God’s Salvific Will in History according to the Priestly Document
8. The Judgment of the World
9. Proto-Deterministic Ideology of History in the Book of Daniel

§ 33 Political Theology
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. Implicit Covenantal Theology
3. The Formulation of Covenantal Theology in Deuteronomy
4. The Theology of Promise in the Ancestral Narratives and Its Problematization
5. The Political Theology of the Priestly Document
6. Renationalizing Tendencies in the Literature of the Maccabean Period

§ 34 Law and Righteousness
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. Codex or Legal Treatise?
3. The Legal Traditions of the Bible in Their Ancient Near Eastern Context
4. The Reception of the Prophetic Social Critique in the Legal Literature of the Hebrew Bible
5. From Legal Regulations to Law: Deuteronomy
6. Legal Interpretation in the Holiness Code

§ 35 Temple Worship and Sacrifice
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. Cultically Influenced Psalms
3. Sacrifice as a Constant in the History of Israelite Religion
4. Sacrifice in Deuteronomy
5. The Theology of the Cult and Sacrifice in the Priestly Document
6. The Spiritualization of the Theology of Sacrifice and Individual Dietary Prescriptions
7. The Rise of the Synagogue and Word-Oriented Liturgy

§ 36 People of a Nation, People of God, and the Individual
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. Israel and Judah
3. The Rise of the Question of Identity: Israel as the People of God
4. The Discovery of the “True Israel”: The Babylonian Exiles
5. Diaspora Theology
6. The Emergence of Judaism
7. Abrahamic “Ecumenism”
8. The Separation between the Pious and the Sinners

§ 37 Monarchy, Theocracy, and Anticipation of a Ruler
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. The Ancient Near Eastern Ideology of Kingship in the Hebrew Bible
3. “Messianic” Prophecies
4. Cyrus and Nebuchadnezzar
5. Theocracy

§ 38 Zion and Sinai
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. The Zion Theology in the Preexilic Period
3. Daughter Zion
4. Sinai as the Mountain of Revelation
5. Zion as Ruler and Eschatological Visions of Jerusalem

§ 39 Interpretations of Humanity
1. Preliminary Remarks from the History of Scholarship
2. King—Freeman—Slave
3. Constellational Anthropology
4. Image of God
5. Distance from God and Capacity for Knowledge
6. Divine Care for the Poor
7. The Problematization of the Human Ability to Act
8. The Contractions of the New Human

§ 40 Diversity and Unity in the Theology of the Hebrew Bible
1. Implicit Values
2. Historically Accumulated Connections
3. Unity as Canonically Differentiated and Limited Pluralism
4. Is There a “Center” of the Hebrew Bible?

I. The Question of a Jewish Theology of the Hebrew Bible or a Christian Theology of the the Old Testament
§ 41 The Hebrew Bible and Judaism

§ 42 The Old Testament and Christianity

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